NAME : INDAH AYU WIDUNA
NIM : 1588203024/5A
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
1. What
is sociolinguistics ?
Sociolinguistics
is a branch of linguistics investigated the relationship between language and
social. This is a contextual study over language variation in society in a
nature communication. Then, it learns and
discusses about society aspects in language especially the differences in
language and social factors. Moreover, It focuses to a social community and
linguistics used in that community while
it tries to correlate linguistics to things such as age, gender, classes,
economic, regional, statuss, history, and so on. Clearly, Socioinguistics is
tied by the value of culture in society including how people use a language. That
value always relates what is good or not in using that language. The important
point about sociolinguistics is about 3 things, those are language, social, and
relationship between language and social. How a language is used to communicate
between one person to another to change opinion each other and interact an
individual to others.
2. Why do we learn sociolinguistics ?
As we know, sociolinguistics is a study about language and
social. In learning sociolinguistics, we can be more understand about using a language, variation of languages
caused some factors, such as social level, age, gender, regional, and etc.
Next, we will know how a language can be and how the process or history of a
language and it is a language. We will know how a language is different to
other language. Then, except we get
knowledge about sociolinguistics, we will also know how to use or apply
good/polite language in our daily life. Beside that, in using language, it must
have rules that we have to follow. So, in sociolinguistics will explain how to
use a language that is suitable with language and social principle. As a guide,
sociolinguistic shows us language, variation of language, and language style,
so it help us to communicate with certain people, or even in certain places.
3.What is the relationship between
language and society ?
Language is essentially
a set of items like sounds, words, grammatical structures, and so on. On
another side, society is a group of people who have the same geographical or social territory and culture. So what is
the relation of them ? the first is the social structure may influence or
determine linguistic structure and behavior. As example : young children when
speak up to older children will be different. Same like they speak to adult, it
will reflect consider word choices, rules, regional, ethnic, gender, culture,
etc. The second is linguistic structure and behavior may influence or determine
social structure. The third is language and society may influence each other. This
is about nature of human being that is influence dialectical. Speech behavior
and social behavior are in a state of constant interaction’ and
that ‘material living conditions’ are an important factor in the relationship
as long as life of human being.
4. Please mention and explain the branches
of linguistics !
Linguistics can be divided
imto two : pure linguistics and applied linguistics.
a.
Pure
linguistics (nature of language itself)
· Phonetics/Phonology: This level focuses on the smallest unit of structure
in language, the phoneme.
Linguistic rules at this level describe how sounds are pronounced in various
contexts. So what is difference between phonetics and phonology ? Phonology is
learning about pronounciation of sounds while phonetics is
the result of it in the form of voice.
For example : when you
say ‘B’ [bi], your libs closed and then opened with
the encouragement of the air, so you can be producing [bi]. Phonetics/Phonology ,
It includes place and manner of articulation.
· Morphology: The next level of structure is the morpheme, the smallest unit of
meaning in language. Rules of morphology focus on how words (and parts of
words) are structured. It describes all facets of word formation,
such as how prefixes and suffixes are added.
For exampel : love =>loved, loving ;
try => tried, trying.
·Syntax: The
largest level of structure is the
clause, which can be analyzed into what are called clause functions: subject, predicator,
object, complement, and adverbial. Syntax is learning
about specifically how words, phrases, clauses, and sentences are
structured.
For
example : I broke it
it
is a main clause – it can stand alone as a
sentence, as opposed to a subordinate clause, which has to be part of an
independent clause – and can be analyzed as containing : a subject (I), a
predicator (broke), a direct object (it)
·Semantics: the
study of semantics is typically focused on such topics as the meaning of
individual words (lexical semantics)
and the ability of words to refer to points in time or individuals in the
external world (deixis).
At
the level of sound, Example : kick /kIk/ and sick /sIk/,
the choice of /k/ vs. /s/
results in words with two entirely different meanings.
At
the level of morphology, placing the prefix un- before the
word happy results in a word with an opposite meaning: unhappy.
At
the level of syntax, the sentence Jose wrote to Carla means
something entirely different than Carla wrote to Jose because
in English, word order is a crucial key to meaning. But even though meaning is
present at all levels of linguistic structure.
Semantics
is the study which learning the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases
and sentences. Semantics do not care about the situation when morpheme,
word, or phrase that is used. The object of study semantics has only one
meaning, the meaning attached to it in accordance with the dictionary.
Example
: (correct) I walked in the road yesterday.
(incorrect) I walked in the sea
yesterday ( in syntax, it is true structure)
b.Applied linguistics (mutlidiciplinary
which relates between world problems and language)
Actually
so many studies about this, but I just mention some of them.
·Pragmatics
: It is learning not just about
meaning that attached to themorpheme, word, phrase or sentence, but also
context of a speech is uttered.Pragmatics also pay
attention to the time, place, situation, who utter the speechand
to whom it is addressed.
· Sociolinguistics
: study about language and social.
In
sociolinguistics will expain about how a language exists and how can be varian
of language. Then, it will explain how people interaction each other based on
factors such as culture, gender, regional, topic, class, etc.
·Pycholinguistics
: it investigates the mental mechanisms underlying language processing. Then, How
to perceive words and store them in the mind, how to understand a sentence, how
to learn to read, how language and writing systems influence mental
organizations. Beside that, in this study will explain how someone can speak
two or more languages ( language acquisition ).
5.What
is standard language ? giving an example!
Standar language is varian of languages
are received to be used in formal situations like in legislation, correspondence,
school, media or even international communication.
Ex : one regional has different standar language to
another regional like pronounciation, dialect, structure, and vovabulary), a
language in a textbook.
6.Elaborating a language, dialect, and accent, please!
6.Elaborating a language, dialect, and accent, please!
Language : a device is used to
communicate.
Dialect : different pronounciation
and vocabulary that is influenced by some factors like culture, regional, and
so on.
Accent : different pronounciation
among one person to others but keep the same language.
Everyone has its own way in using a
language that depends on the culture, regional, gender, ethnic, etc. Because of
that, they may have their dialect to make different to others like where they
are from (one region has different dialect to another region). Beside that, although
they live in same place/area/region or have same culture, ethnic, they can have
different accent, how they pronounce a sound in same word.
7.Givin
an example of formal language and informal language!
Formal language : would you like
coffee ? / I will be there
Informal language : love coffee ? /
I’ll be there.
8.What
aspects of language are sociolinguistics
interested in ?
Sociolinguistics are intersested in exploring why people speak
differently in different social contexts. It is related with the ways people
signal aspects of their social identity through a language. Sociolinguistcs are
interested in social factors such as social status, age, gender, class, region,
culture, language varieties (dialects, registers, genres, so on ). It also concers
in identifying the social functions of language and the ways that language is
used to convey social meaning.
9. When
two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate what
should they do ?
a. Pidgin is simplified language that
develops in a community that does not have native speaker.
b. Creole is simple language, that has
simple grammar and structure that is a result of pidgin itself and it needs
long process.
c. Lingua franca is a language used to
communicate that does not have native language.
When
two or people met and tried to communicate, they spoke using language which is no native language (Lingua
franca). As we know that language had no native speaker (pidgin). After passed long
process, that language can be a simple language (Creole) used to communicate.
10.Why
do people switch and mix a language ?
People do switching and mixing a
language can be influenced some factors :
a. To show identity with a group (i.e English
Departement, student of English department may use English in context of
university/class/doing presentation)
b. To address different audience (i.e a
person talks to someone who has different language of him will using a language
which can be understood each other. Clearly, someone from java when meets
someone from minangnese will speak Bahasa to make their understand each other.)
c. Lack of facility (i.e sometimes a
person does not know how to speak a word in that language, then he changes it
to another language.)
d. To attract attention (i.e sometimes, someone speak a language or a word
that they know but express’ it to another language just in order looks cool or impressive.
The word “cantik” is common word in Bahasa, it changes to English. “kamu
beautiful”)
e. Habitual expression ( it is influenced
by social, culture, region, etc)
f. Mood of speaker.
11. Giving
an example of code switching and code mixing!
Code switching :
X : how about tomorrow ? we can do our homework tomorrow.
Y : it’s cool. But where ?
X : hmm. Here. My home.
********
X : ma, besok kami ngerjakan tugas disini ya.
A : iya.
Code mixing : what’s up! Udah lama
ga jumpa. Kemana aja ?
