SYNTAX*

Syntax is the study how words combine to form sentences. It is also called grammar. But you have to know that syntax is not about meaning! Sentences  can have no sense, but the  grammatical is correct.

*colorless green ideas sleep furiously – nonsense, but grammatical is correct.

*sleep  ideas  colorless furiously  green -  grammatical is incorrect.

Syntax  which can be analyzed  into what are called clause functions: subject, predicator, object, complement,and adverbial. But the most important are subject and predicator.

In syntax we will be studying specifically how words ->phrases ->clauses -> sentences are structured.

A. Word Classes: subject, noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.

ex:  box, buy, small, etc.

B. Phrases: a group of word classes without a subject-verb component, used as a single part of speech -> noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase.

Noun phrase :  my bag, the tree

Verb phrase : has been stolen, is writing

Adjective phrase : very happy,

Adverb phrase :  furiously, too  slowly

Prepositional phrase :  on the crowded road

C. Clauses: a group of words containing a subject and verb (made up of phrases)

1.independent (can stand on its own)

ex : I went to the market

2.dependent (cannot stand on its own) = >often begin with such words as although, since, if, when, and because.

ex:  I went to the market because I wanted to buy two boxes of milk

D. Sentences: two or more clauses together to make sentences

Sentence can be divided to :

a.simple sentence : contains one independent clause

ex : I  went to the market

      

b.compound sentence : contains two independent  clauses

ex :  I went to the market, I bought two boxes of  milk ( can use a comma or conjunctions )

other  examples ; 

 he plays gitar  and  I play piano.

 Jimin has been  studying , his mom  brings cake for him

  I have told you about that yesterday and  you  still  did not understand.

c.compound complex sentence : contains contains one or more  independent clausffes  and at least one dependent clause.

Ex : I went to market, I bought two boxes of milk that I needed

References:

Jirka Hana , Intro to Linguistics – Syntax 1, 2011 [pdf]

Charles F. Mayer, Inroduction to Linguistics, 2009 [pdf]

Marcus Kracht, Inroduction to Linguistics [pdf]

Companion to English Linguistics [pdf]

https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/clause-phrase.asp

MORPHOLOGY

A speaker of a language also knows how words are structured. The term word can be used in different senses. On the one hand, vocabulary items, i.e. entries in the dictionary (e.g. take), are called words, but on the other hand the different inflected forms of a word

*take

*takes

*taking

*took

*taken 

>>> are also called words.

So, the question is what is Morphology ?

Simple answer, Morphology is the study of the minimal meaningful units of language.  
Words have internal structure consisting of smaller units called Morpheme. 
  Morphology studies the structure of words, however from a semantic viewpoint rather than from the viewpoint of sound. It is intimately related to syntax. For everything that is larger than a word is the domain of syntax. Thus within morphology one considers the structure of words only, and everything else is left to syntax. The first to notice is that words come in different classes. 

For example :
verbs (/to imagine/)
nouns (/a car/),
 adverbs (/slowly/)
adjectives (/red/). 

It also inlude suffix and preffix (e,g, unlike, agreement). 

For Verbs take the endings /s/, /ed/, and /ing/ but we have to know there is clasificaton namely : regular and irregular verb (e.g. took, taken), nouns only take the ending /s/. Adjectives and adverbs on the other hand do not change (They can be distinguished by other criteria).

Ex :

I take it

He takes it

He is taking it

I took it

Refferences : Charles F. Mayer, Inroduction to Linguistics, 2009 [pdf]

Marcus Kracht, Inroduction to Linguistics [pdf]

Companion to English Linguistics [pdf]