ANTONYM, SYNONYM & HYPONYM??

Sources :

https://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/13-semantics-synonym-antonym-homonym-hyponym-polyseme-idioms-18509523

https://www.academia.edu/21742207/A_comparison_of_hyponym_and_synonym_decisions

ANTONYM, SYNONYM & HYPONYM ????

Semantics is study about meaning that is used to understand human expression through language.

Under the subjects of semantics, we shall deal with the concepts of :
 • Antonym
 • Synonym
 • Hyponym

Which are lexical components that can be compared based on the semantic relation.

1.      1. Antonym

     Is the state or phrnomenon in which the words has the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning.

     Antonym can be divided into 3 types :

§  Graded antonym

Refers to  the words related o the object they modify. The words themselves do not provide an absolute scale.

Examples : Big >< Small

                   Good >< Bad

                   Fast >< Slow

                   Young >< Old

Ex : 1. A fly is bigger than another (big is understood in the context flies)

        2. A small elephant is bigger than a big mouse

§  Complementarity

Refers to the existence of pairs that te denial of one, implies the assertion of the other.

Examples : Male >< Female

                  Alive >< Dead

                  Present >< Absent

                  Awake >< Asleep

§  Converseness

Refers to the pair of words that display symmetry in their meaning. It relates to two-term sets of words.

If  X gives Y to Z, then Z receives Y from X

Examples : Buy >< Sell

                   Command >< Serve

                  Give >< Take

In the context of sentence, occasionally the same verb can be supposed as a relational pair.

Ex : John married Mary = Mary married John

     In English, morphologically, there is a number of ways to form antonyms (add the prefix)

§  Prefix un-

Examples : Likely >< Unlikely

                  Able >< Unable

§  Prefix non-

Examples : Entity >< Nonentity

                   Descript >< Nondescript

§  Prefix in-

Examples : Tolerant >< Intolerant

                   Visible >< Invisivle

§  Prefix mis-

Example : Understanding >< Misunderstanding

                 Comunicate >< Miscomunicate

§  Prefix dis-

Examples : Like >< Dislike

                   Agree >< Disagree

                 

1.       2.   Synonym

      Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different ( different in pronounciation) but has the same or identical meaning as another word or phrase.

   Examples :               

Ø  small = little

Ø  big = large

Ø  politican = statesman

2.       3.   Hyponym

      Is the state or phenomenon that shows the relationship between more general term (lexical representation) and the spesific instances (hyponym) of it.

     Examples : 

Lexical representation	Hyponym
Color	Red
Musical instruments	Guitar
Coffee	Black coffee

      The relationship between the general term and spesific instances is often described using a hierarchical diagram (taxonomy)

      Examples :

Sources : https://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/13-semantics-synonym-antonym-homonym-hyponym-polyseme-idioms-18509523
https://www.academia.edu/21742207/A_comparison_of_hyponym_and_synonym_decisions